Device for the transmission of mechanical vibratory energy



July 24, 1928.

H. C. HARRISON lDEVICE FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF MECHANICAL VIBRATORY ENERGY July 24, 192s.

H. C. HARRISON DEVIC FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF MECHANICAL VIBRATORVLv ENERGY originalFiled out'. 16, 1923..

Sheets-Sheet 2 July 24, 1928.

H. C. HARRISON DEVICE FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF MECHANICAL VIBRATORY ENERGY 3 6 Sheets Shea?I .5 /22 EZ?,

Pled oct. 16, 192

w 1 W W July 24, 1928'.

IH. c. HARRISON DEVICE FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF MECHANICAL VIBRATORY ENERGY Original Filed Oct. 16, 1923 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 July 24, 1928,

H. C. HARRISON DEVICE FOR THE TRANSMISSION 0F MECHANICAL YIBRATORY ENERGY originalfiled oct. 16, 1923 6 sheets-sheet 5 EM NQ -non lona..

. ...8.3 @Ssn 1 y Awww r RN H. C. HARRISON DEVICE FOR THEATRANSMISSION OF MIEICHANICL VIBRATQRY ENERGY Original Filed Oct. 16, 1923 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 //7 vena/v' 2f. Aw

Patented July 24, 1928.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

HENRY C. HARRISON,- OEPORT WASHINGTON, NEW YORK, AssIGNoR To WESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY, INCORPORATED, OE NEW YORK, N. Y., A CORPORATION OE NEW YORK.

DEVICE FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF MECHANICAL VIBRATORY ENERGY.

Application led October 16, 1923, Serial No. 668,801. Renewed October 11, 1927.

-'lhis application is a. continuationin part of H. C.' Harrison application Serial NO. 603,005, lfiled November 24, 1922, wherem 1s disclosed an invention which relates to me- 5 ehanical systems for transmitting mechanical vibratory energy, and has for an object to provide in the mechanical lield, transmission systems which attenua-teer 'transmit v1- bratory energy much in the same manner as electric currents are transmitted or attenuated in the electric field by such a system as an electric Wave filter, a loaded signaling line, an attenuation equalizernetwork or a network offering a pure resistance to a band of frequencies.

One aspect of this invention, for example, is the. provision of a mechanical device which can be employed to transmit vibratory energy ot' a plurality of frequencies from one point to another with the same frequency characteristic as -is obtained by an electric signaling line lwhich is continuously or lumped loaded according to the Pupin system, for example, to give a uniform transmission characteristic over the band of frequencies it is desired to transmit. lThis invention may also be applied as a mechanical tilter for suppressing undesired frequencies While freely passing the desired frequency band similar to an electric Wave tilter such as that disclosed and claimed by Campbell in his U. S. Patent No. 1,227 ,113 of May 22, 1917. lt is also capable of being employed as a pure mechanical resistance which responds uniformly to all frequencies. or as a transformer for coupling mechanical devices of unequal impedance. I

Another aspect ot the present invention re.- lates to the use of transmission systems, such as described above, for phonograph recording purposes. This makes it possible to produce phonograph ,records the recorded sound nt' which. for a range ot 5000 cycles or more does not appreciably vary from the original sound wave effect. The nearestapproach to this` so far as applicant is aware, is the phouograph recording system described and claimed in the copending application of Arnold, Serial No. 664,693, tiled September 25, 1923, which has produced records on which the recorded sound` over a range of 2000 cycles, does not appreciably vary from the original sound. The above enumerated applications of this invention are merely illustrative of the ability of this invention to solve many and widely dili'ei'ent problems in the field of mechanical vibrating systems.

This invention in one of its aspects comprises a bar or rod which may be of metal provided with such elasticity, mass and mechanical resistance per unit length according to equations hereinafter given as to give the desired frequency transmission characteristic. As a mechanical transmission line the devzice comprises essentially a plurality of elastlcities and masses coupled in series. These masses and elasticities may be uniformly distributed in a strip of elastic material or they may be lumped.A In the latter case the mechanical line may comprise a spring rod Or bar having a plurality of weights rigidly attached along its length. The mechanical vibrations to be transmitted could then be so impressed on the rod at one end as to subject it to a transverse vibration such as atorsion or twisting motion, which would be transmitted along the rod which is loaded by the attached Weights. The resulting motion at the other end of the rod, Or at some point along its length may be utilized for any purpose desired. such for example, as moving the phonograph needle for cutting a phonograph record. In employing such a 'Weighted rod as a mechanical resistance, however, it will not always be necessary to impress the motional energy upon one end and to take it oil' at some remote point since the Weighted rod may be attached to the mechanical vibrating system at' one end only in order to dampen its vibration. rl`he latter connection is a satisfactory way, for example, for add- Aing' the device of this invention to a vibrating system in order to make the mechanical impedance of the total vibrating system match the electrical impedance of electric means associated therewith. et

ln the`solution of problems of mechanical vibrating systems, the mechanical characteristics of a device are analogous to those of an electric system, so that the fundamental mechanical and electrical equations for the propagation and dissipation of energy are parts in the mechanical field, namely, mass, Y

M, for inductance, the reciproca-l of the elasticity, for the capacity and 1' for the mechanical resistance. As an example of this analogy, su pose it is desired to produce a mechanical fi ter having a certain cut-off frequency fc and a characteristic impedance within the transmission band which is substantially independent of frequency. An elastic weighted rod, as above described, is

the equivalent of a plurality of sections connected insgries, each comprising a series inductance (mass) and a shunt capacity 'be herelnafter (elasticity), which in the electric art forms a low pass filter with a cut-oil frequency.

l D l and wlth a mid serles characteristlc impedance of arl-ce2 and a mid shunt characteristic impedance of 2 i/l-(fl) both of which for all frequencies below the cut-ofi' frequency are substantially equal to where S is the"`elasticity er section of the material employed and hi) is the mass per section. Such a device would then have a nominal characteristic impedance of which, as will be noted from the equation, is an impedance constant with frequency.

Other mechanical equations for determining the particular structure this invention should possess for a particular problem will ven.

' Referring to the drawings: Fig. 1 represents an electric low pass filter. Fig. 2 is an electric lowpass filter of 'a type comprising resistance in each section for attenuating the transmitted band. Fig. 3 illustrates y a metallic bar constructed in accordance with this invention. Fig. 4 is a modification of Fig. 3 vof atype whichean be subjected only-to a twisting motion. Fig. 5 representsa lumpedv loaded mechanical device of this inventlon. Fig. 6 is a' cross section thereof.- Fig. 7 represents a. type of this invention i which two rods are employed for connecting the lumped masses. Fig. 8 is a modiication of Fig. 6, in which four c onn'ecting'rods are emplo ed. Fig. 9 is a form of this investion in which the mechanical vibratory energy is impressed on the device by a plunger action. Fig. 10is a cross section of Fig. 9. Fig. 11 represents a damped mechanical loaded line. Fig. 12 is a cross sectional view of Fi 11. Fig. 13 represents a mechanical loade line damped by granular material. Fig. 14 is a cross section of F ig. v13. Fig. 15 represents a mechanical loaded line damped by a plurality of discs of non-metallic material.

Fig. 16 is a cross section of Fig. 15. Figs. 17 and 18 represent two views of this invention applied to a phonograph reproducer or recorder. Figs. 19 and 20 illustrate this invention embodied ina telephone transmitter. Fi s. 21 and 22 illustrate this invention embo ied in a telephone receiver. Fig. 23 illustrates how this invention can beA applied to an oscillograph suspension. Fi s. 24, 25 and 26 illustrate this invention emp oyed to connect a phonograph needle. to an electric carbon button transmitter. j Figs. 27 and 28 represent a form of this invention similar to Fig. `25 excet that a portion of the mechanical line is amped. Figs. 29 and 30 illustrate the invention for enabling a second sound record to be cut from a record already produced. Figs. 31 and 32 illustrate the invention employed is an electric wave analyzer. Figs. 33 and 34 illustrate another form of electric wave analyzer employing this invention. 'Figs 35 and 36 illustrate this invention employed as a filter between the signaling source and loud speaking' receiver,

`F1g. 37 represents this invention employed as a mechanical transformer or coupling devices of dnerent impedances. Fig. 38 is a curve illustrating the transmission characteristic ofthe device4 of this invention. Fig.

39 is a schematic representation of an electricalgrecording system and its relation to the theatre or totherl publicv playhouse where the transmitter is located and to the recording room. Fig. 40 is a sectional elevation on line 42-42 of Fig. 41 of a. highly damped electrical recorder.- Fig. 41 is a sectional elevation on line 3--3 of Fig. 40. Fig. 42 is a sectional elevation on line 4--4. of 41.

Fg.^43 is an elevation of a recording machinev which may be employed in connection with the recorder'of Figs. 40,41 and 42.

As is well known Ain the art, a low pass electric 'filter usually comprises a. plurality of sections, each'consisting of a series inductance and a shunt capacity, as illustrated i`n Fig. 1 by the connections of the series inductanoes 40 and the shunt capacities 41. Such ia lter, as disclosed in the 'Campbell U. S. Patent No. 1,227,113 of May 22, 1917, may be arranged by, equations thereln given to provide for the practically'free transmission of a given range of frequencies, while almost entirely suppressing frequencies above that range. In case it would be desired to appreciably attenuate the band of frequencies to be transmitted, resistances such as 42 and43- of Fig. 2 may be inserted in circuit with the inductances 44 and capacities 45, the values determined by the attenuationV desired and the frequency characteristics. Fig. 2, of course, may be also regarded as illustrative of a telephone lineloadedin accordance with the Pupin system, for example, in'which the inductances represent the loading coils inserted at uniform distances along the line, the series resistances representing the resistance of the line per section, and the capacities, the capacity of the line per sect-ion, and the shunt resistances representing a leak across the line.

l As stated above, this invention. provides in a mechanical vibratory system, a device which may be given any frequency transmission characteristic desired of the above de-` scribed type in order to transmit mechanical vibrations without distortion. Y Fig. 3 represents a simple form. of this invention-comprising a long metallic bar 46. ThisV bar may, when subjected, for example, to a twisting motion, be employed in the transmission of vibratory energy from one end to the other with any`desired 'impedance characteristic, depending upon `the mass per unit length of the bar and the elasticity of the material employed. Such a bar, with the elasticity S and mass per unit length M,

would oifer an impedance to the transmission of the twisting motion from one end to another of ,I z=,/ns. The result is thereforethat the bar of Fig. 3 may be chosen of a material having4 such elasticity and may have,such dimensions that it maybe employed to advantage .in the mechanical transmission of speech frequency 50 vibrations. As` noted: from Athe equation above, the vimpedance that such a bar offers to a twisting motion is then independent of Fig. 4 is a modification of Fig. 3, in'whichY the device 47 comprises three strips of metallic material integral with each other and separated from each other by an angle of v u' 120.' Such van arrangementallows .the de- `third, and so on until the end of the line is lines are to be employedfas` mechanical revice to be subjected to a torsional movement only, and reduces to a considerable degree the danger of having the device bend due to force exerted at right angles to its axis. Wit-h the exception of this protection against bending, the device of Fig. 4 is similar to that of Fig. 3 and may be utilized in the same manner'in a mechanical vibrating system. Figs. 3 and 4 above described correspond in the mechanical field 15o-continuously loaded electric lines since the weight of the bars of Figs. 3 and 4 is uniformly distributed.y Fig; 5, however, is the counter part of a lumped loaded electric line since in Fig. 5 80 the rod 48, which issubjected'to the torsion, is of small diameter` and negligible weight, and has distributed along itslength a plurality. of equal masses 49. lThe rod 48 therefore represents along electric line and the masses 49 are the points along the line where loading coils are present. For making the electric line of.the desired frequency characteristic, the masses 49 may be of any suitable shape, and may, for example, consist of rectangular bars as shown in Fig. 6, which is a cross section of Fig. 5. The operation of a device such as that shown in Fig. 5 will be better understood from the following. Assume that mechanical vibratory energy is impressed on the end 50 of rod 48 in some suitable manner. For example, the masses 49 adjacent the-end 50 may comprise the armature of-a solenoid connected to an electric line containing signaling currents. The portion of the rod 48 between the first andI the second masses Will be twisted due to the action of the solenoid, and the magnetic lield in which the armature is situated, and the second mass will receive all the vibratory energy except that dissipated due to friction in the portion of the rod between the first and second weights. The vibratory energy in the second mass will be transferred to the reached, each section of the line undergoing a twisting torsion, thereby providing equivalent shunt paths, such as those containing the capacities 41 of Fig. 1. The character of the frequency transmission between the ends of the rod 48 will. as described above, depend upon the elasticity of the rod- 48 and the masses 49.

The mechanical lines of Figs. 3, 4 and. 5 may be Vemployed 4for many'- uses, one ofv which is as'a mechanical resist-ance for dissipating mechanical energy impressed thereon in such a manner as to subject the bars to a twisting motionflf these mechanical sistances, it will generallyv be preferable` that theybe madeof considerable length, l.

and iii-particular the length should be suf- .cient to substantially dissipate a mechan-n-.

.ical wave traveling fromv one .end offtlle 13 line and back again, butin many cases it is satisfactory to reduce the wave energy by ninety percent in one run tothe end of the line and back. This feature of having the line of appreciable .length is desirable since if a considerable portion of the transmitted energy is refiected back to the origfinal starting point, thereflected energy .would be in phase` for certain frequencies of the impressed vibrations and out of phase for other -frequencies, so that the mechanical line would have a variable impedance, It' the rate of dissipation ofthe motional' energy is small, the line must bev long, While 'for a high rate of dissipation the length can be short. The condition that a lineof distributed constants may have a purel resistance surge impedance is ous Ways in order to permit a short line to be employed without danger of a non-uni'- form frequency impedance characteristic due to 'the reflection above mentioned. Fig.

11 illustrates a rectangular casinor 53 en-A closing a spring rod 54, which thas distributed uniformly along its length a plurality of ."equal masses 55. These masses,

as shown in Fig. 12, comprise rectangular bars parallel to each other. On each side of the bars are a largenumber of sheets 56 of damping material such as aluminum. foil 40 or paper. When the spring rod 54 is subjected to a twisting motion, the resulting rotation of the Weights 55 will be appreciably retarded by the foil sheets andthe air' enclosed between them, thereby dissipating as heat to a considerable degree the mechanical energy passing along the rod 54. It has been found that aluminum foil is uite satisfactory for this purpose .and nee A be only fairly loosely packed betweenthe casing 53 and the rectangular bars 55 in order to provide such a dissipation ofthe energy for 'al line of thirty to forty Ysections that v practically allof "the energy limpressed on one'end of the bar 54 is dissipated before itA has gone lthe* full 'length oithe rod and returned again. The dissipation is due principallyto rthe pressure onV the sheets .causing the air betweenthem to be forced out for each vibration. The casing 53 00 shouldtherefor be huilt so as Vto provide for thev ready: escape of the air between the sheets".

' F7l 1 3'k and.l 14fillustrateanother way in whic the :notional energymay be dissipatil v ed when 'the devie'of invention is employed as a mechanical resistance. In this i particular modification, the casing 57 contains, suitably sup orted along its axls, a spring rod 58 whic is lumped loaded by a plurality of discs 59. The remalnder ofthe vcasing is substantially filled with a coarse to a lumped mechanical line comprising a spring rod 62, and lumped weights 63, a pluralityof discs 64 of spongy material, such as rubber. These discs of rubber 64 may, if desired, engage both the spring rod 62 and the .inner Walls of the-casing 61.

The articular manner in which the mechanica line of this invention may be em- 'ployed as a mechanical resistance is illustrated in Figs. 17 and 18, whereinis disclosed a phonograph recorder or'reproducer. 65 is av phonograph turntable on which is mounted a sound record 66. Bearing .upon the grooves in the record 66 is the needle 67 of an electric phonograph reproducer,

and the needle 67 is attached in the usualV manner to an armature 68 surrounded by coils 69 and 70, which have generated therein electric currents corresponding in 'frequency and amplitude to the mechanical vibrations of the armature 68 produced by the path traveled by the needle 67. The resulting electric currents by leads 71 may be transmitted to any suitable electric translating device, such as a loud speaking receiver, in order to translate the electric currents into sound Waces. The phonograph reproducer may employ either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet, and in Fig. 17 a permanent horse shoe magnet 72 is disclosed.

' In order that the sound record 66 will be faithfully translated into electric currents corresponding in frequency and amplitude thereto, it is desirable that the mechanical coupling means between the sound record loril and the solenoid have an impedance which is practically constant over the frequency range-involved. As shown in Fig. 18, this desired coupling may be attained by a mechanical 'resistance of this invention ernployed as apart of the moving system sub- ]ected to the vibrations ofthe phonograph needle 67. The particular type ofmechani- .cal resistance employedA is similar to that shown in Fig. 11, and comprises, briefly, a

casing 7,3 containmg'a spring rod A74, along the length of which are distributed a plurality of maes 75 forloading therod. The

Ail)

* 74. The-spring rod 74 Y'and its weights are 'supported at one end by the pivoted mema mechanical resistance, and no use is made of the motional energy developed at the end of rod 74 remote from armature 68. The casing 73, however, should be independently supported so that the rod 74 is maintained in alignment withv the pivoted member 78 and will be readily subjected to a twisting motion due to the passage of needle 67 along the grooves of the sound record.

The impedance presented bythe mechanical line employed in' Fig. 18 'maybe varied as desired since, as shown above, its impedance depends upon the elasticity of the rod 74 and the values of the masses 75. Although the rod 74 is shown to comprise only six sections, it is obvious that the rod 7 4 may be of any length desired since its length will depend upon the character of the, damping means employed and the percentage of energy reflected back to the armature 68 for any particular length.

It is obvious, of course, that the system ot Figs. 17 and 18 may be employed equally well as a phonograph recorder in which Vease the platel 66 will be of suitable wax material on which it is desired that the cutting needleV4 67 be employed for making a sound record thereon. from leads 71 will. vibrate armature 68 thereby vibrating the cutting needle 67 and the mechanical line employed in connection with the armature will cause the mechanical vibrations of the needle 67 to correspond faith-y (the electromagnetic force of the armature).

The embodiment of this invention illustrated in Fig-18 functions due to a twistlng motion of the armature driven by the needle 67. The mechanical line of this invention, however, is not limited Ato an arrangement in .which the motional energy is one of torsionV due to 'twisting since the energy may be transmitted to the Ldevice in other Ways. For example, in Fig. 9, a mechanical resistance is diselosedinjwhich the motional energy is impressed upon the device by a Incoming currents plunger action. A easing 80 as disclosed contains a. plurality of spaced weights 81. separated from each other by a plurality of thin sheets 82 of material suchas aluminum foil or paper. Plunger 83 and 84v sei-'ves` to close each endof the casing 80 and the movement. of the plunger 83 for example, will be transmitted through the an; cushioned` between the foil sheets and the spaced weights 8l tothe plunger 84 'atthe opposite end. The spaced weights constitute the mass of the mechanical line and the air between the thin air cushioned vsheets of foil together with the spring contacts of the sheets presents al1-elastic reaction. to the Vmotion so that the embodiment of Fig. 9 is the mechanical equivalent of the electric systelns of Figs. 1 or 2 depending on the presence or absence of dissipation. The weights 81 represent the loading coils and the elasticity between the air cushioned foil sheets which lie between the weights corresponding to the shnnt'eapacities. The system of Fig. 9 may be employed in a. mechanical system with any Idesired frequency transmission characteristic and may be so constructed with respect tothe distributed masses and elasticities as to have a substantially constant impedance for a wide range of frequencies. The chief function of the foil sheets is to provide thin layers vof air to give the required elasticity to the system, that is, the

elasticity is duc to the air between the sheets sheets vfit into the casing tightly so as to substantially prevent. the escape of the air there is very little dissipation of energy and the mechanica-l line is the equivalent ofthe electric line of Fig. 1. fitted loosely in the casing. the mechanical line would be equivalent of Fig. 9. since both elasticity and dissipation would be present.

Figs. 19 and Q0 illustrate aspecilic application of the mechanical device of Fig. 9 and illustrate the device employed in a telephone transmitter. The telephone diaphragm 85 is coupled by a pin86 to a carbon button 87 whereby, in the manner Well known-in the art, the vibrations of the diaphragm 85 produced by impressed sound waves will vary-the pressure exerted upon the granular materialA in the chamber 87, thereby varying its resistance to the current iiowing therethrough from battery 88. The

l diaphragm 85, however, in most devices has action ofthe spring rod 74Vproduced by the a rather pronounced resonance whereby certain frequencies tend to be unduly emphasized by the transmitter. In order to give the transmitter an approximately constant frequency transmission characteristic over a wide Vrange of frequencies thereby avoiding the resonance lof the diaphragm. a plurality of spacedmasses 89 are provided behind the diaphragm spaced from each other and from the diaphragm by sheets 90 of thin material If the sheets iso v, of the material employed between discs 89.

By suitably adjusting the elasticity and the I, foil sheets 90 may be in as many sections asy masses by equations above given the resonance effects of the diaphragm may be substantially 'overcome sothat. the .transmltter may be employed forfaithfully translating.

-into electric waves soundwaves which are impressed thereon.

It is obvious, of course, that the mechanical'line comprising the weights 89 and the is desired. The casing 91 enclosing the mechanical line should have such an internal plunger action of the diaphragm 85 and will valso allow for the escape of the air between the sheets. The discs 89 in genera-l should f have a diameter slightly less than the internal diameter of. the casing 91.v A suitable supporting member 92 is shown for supporting carbon button. 87. The diaphragm 85 ma' be of any)l tig tly 'stretc ed'or under very little tension in its position of rest.

diameter that the weighted discs, and the, metal foil sheets will slide readily/.along the' inner walls of the casing in response to the' tion may be employed for insuring-that the armature 95 in combination with the receiver diaphragm 93 will have a substantially constant response over a wide frequency range, such as the range .of frequency .of importance in speech.

Fig. -22 illustrates the manner in which a mechanical line resistance of the type shown in Fig. 11, for example, may be applied for the abovepurpose. wThe manner-in which the armature 95 is connected to the mechanical line is similar to that shown in Fig. 18 above, since the armature by two coupling pins 99 and 100 is rigidly connected .to a member 101 mounted' on one end `of, the spring rod 102.- The, spring rod 102 .as shown in Fig. 11 is provided with a plurality of lumped masses and on veither side of the massesare provided apluralityk of thin `sheets-oi. damping mate-rial such as tin foil.

The armature is pivoted by a4 suitable'pivot member 103 whereby lthe 4.armature and `the connectedv spring rod 102 maybevibrated in response to the currents 'traversing the re ceiver coils 96 and 97 The end of the casing 110 remote from the armature may be suitable material and either- It is obvlous, of course, that the form ofA the loaded line disclosed in`Fig. 19 may be replaced by other forms of this invention in orderl to provide a transmitter with a uniform frequency characteristic.

'Figs 21 and 22 illustrate a telephone receiver damped by a mechanical line resistance of this invention. A telephone receiver comprising a diaphragm 93 is disclosed having its center connected by a pin 94 to a pivoted armature 95 surrounded by two small receiver coils 96v and 97.A The armature 95 is so placed as to be adapted to vibrate vbetween the poles of a permanent magnet 98. Elec- \tric coils 96 and 97 may be connected in series suitably supported in order to allow-the rod 102 to be maintained in a parallel position with'respect to the pivot member 103. The amount necessary t'o damp the receiver diaphragml93 by the mechanical line resistance depends upon various factors, the inherent response peak of diaphragm being a primary factor.

The particular structure illustratedin Fig. 22 is also applicable for damping an oscilloaph arrangement in order that the Vibrating parts associated with the -oscillograph mirror will have a substantially constant re` sponse over a wide frequency range.

respond faithfully tothe-signalingcurrents l impressed upon the receiver coils 96 and 97,

the. mechanical line resistance of this .invenf Fig. 23 illustrates'a permanent magnet 104 having a pivoted armature 105 surrounded by vtwo receiver coils 106 and 107, one end of the armature .by a'. in 108 being coupled to: the oscillograph mlrror 109 which it is desired to oscillate in. accordance with signaling or other alternating currents impressed upon. the receiver coils 106 and 107. The manner in which the armature 105 in combination with the mirror 109 may be-damped by vthe mechanical line resistance of this invention will be a parent by reference to Fig. 22 just describe -which shows an armature connected to a damped line resistance of this invention.

The mechanical lineof this invention is not limited in its use rto a damping resistance for telephone transmitters, receivers-and the like, but is cagable of widely diiere'nt uses. For example, igs. 24, 25 and 26 illustrate the mechanical line of this invention em-`l ployed for transmitting mechanical vibrations from one point to another, andthe articular application disclosed is one --inkw ich one endl of a mechanical line is. driven by a l sound record, while the other end agitates one or more carbon buttons. The form of mechanical line disclosed in these figures comprises a plurality of lumped masses 111 connected by four strips 112, 113, 114, 115 of elastic material. These four' strips, as shown in Fig. 24, are placed at the four corners of the rectangle and are so radially and angular-l5Y spaced that their projections pass through the center of the masses 111. Each of the weights 111 as shown in Fig. 24 is of an irregular shape such as to allow 'maximum rigidity against bending in any plane for given overall dimensions, While permitting the spring strips 112 to 115 to be subjected to a twisting vibratory motion. The mechanical transmission line comprising the` Weights 111 and the spring strips is pivotally supported at both ends by pivot members 119, 120, whereby the spring strips may be subjected to a twisting motion in accordance with a signal to be transmitted., Rigidly fastened to one of the end weights 111 is a member 121 which serves tocouple the niechanical line to a phonograph needle 117 restlng 1n the groove of a sound record 118. The resulting vibrations of the needle 117 will therefore be transmitted along the mechanical line in the form of a twisting vibration and the resulting vibration of the end piece 122 by coupling member 123 may be employed to vary the pressure exerted on carbon granular material in a carbon button 124 thereby varying the resistance of the carbon material and the resulting currentV flowing therethrough due to battery 125.

The coupling means disclosed in these tig-- ures is one which has no resonance peaks such as are due to mechanicalvibrating devices employing stretched diaphragms and the like which tend to respond much more eiiciently to certain frequencies than to others. As discussed above the mechanical line shown in Fig. 25 may be made -to transmit mechanical vibrations of a wide range of frequency with uniform sensitiveness and will have a cut-off frequency S .fe-.n- M' The propagation constant of such a line is given by equation neglecting dissipation Figs. 27 and 28 show arrangements simif lar to Fig. 25 except that in addition to employing a mechanical line 126 for'conpling the phonograph needle 127 to a carbon button 128 a mechanical damping resistance 129 is added to the structure for increasing to a desired amount the mechanical resistance of the carbon button 126 so as to 'terminate the vibrating system comprising lthe needle cal line.

127 and the lineJ 1 26 in an impedance substantiallyequal tothe nominal characteristic impedance of the line. The spring strips 130 and 131, and two others notshown but placed similarly to those of Fig. 2l are continued beyond the lumped mass 132, a desired number of .sections and beyond the mass 132 a plurality of thin sheets 135 ot' material such as metal 'loi-l are packed between the lumped masses '134 and the casing 133. These sheets ol damping material are provided for dissipating the energy transmitted to the portions o1 the spring strips extending beyond the point where the carbon button is coupled to the mechanical line, and it is obviousthat the amount of packing employed in a particular case will depend upon how rapidly it is desired to dissipate this energy. In constructing such a mechanl ical line, impedance irregularities should be avoided by having any attachments to a lumped massincluded in calculating the Vweight for the couplingl mass so that the total mass including the attachments equals. the desired mass per section 'ot' the mechani- The mass 132 ol' Fig. 27'sl1ould therefore be less than the mass per unit seetion by an amount dependent upon the mass of the attachment.

Figs. 29 and 30 illustrate another use for the mechanical line 13G wherein one end ot' a pivoted line is coupled to a phonograph needle 137 which serves to transmit a'twist ing motion to the pivoted line corresponding to the sound record 138 while at the other end of the mechanical line a cutting needle 139 is made responsive to the transmitted vibratory energy to cut grooves in as blank record plate 140 whereby a sound record .Will be madethereon corresponding faithfully to the sound record present on plate 138. The spring strips and the lumped masses comprising the mechanical line may be suitably chosen to produce the transmission characteristic desired in accordance With the equations given above.

Figs. 31 and 32 illustrate au application of the mechanical line of Fig. 25 to al harmonic analyzer. A mechanical line 141 of the fourstrip type'is shown pivoted between two pivot members 142 and 143 for enabling the line to be freely twisted in accordance With the mechanical vibratory energy of the armature of a permanent magnet 1.44, the armature of which is surrounded by two receiver coils 145 and 146 which mav be 'connected in an electric circuit to receive signalingor other alternating current wav-es and produce corresponding mechanical vibrations of the armature; shown) is coupled by two members 147 and 148 to the end section of the mechanica-l line 14:1.v At desired points along the mechanical line sound resonating chambers 149, 150,

The armature (not 'l phragm 153 coupled to a lumped load of the mechanical linel -141 by connecting members -lliv 154.v The twisting motion impressed upon the 'mechanical line bythe vibration. of the armature will cause-'the diaphragm 153 to undergo corresponding vibrations and if4 each'of the sound chambers 149 to 152 is of such .dimensions as to be resonant to a pai'- ticular frequency it follows that the intensity of the sound in each of the chambers will be av measure of the intensity of those frequencies in the electric currents impressed uponfthe receiver coils 145 and 146. It is obvious of course, that any desired number of chambers may be coupled to the meclranical line, each resonating for a particular frequency. The showing of the resonatingi chambers in Figs. 31 and-32 is not strictly reed 167, each of whichis designed to vi-l brate for one particular mechanical frequency. The vibrations of the reeds 167 will'therefore be a measure of the intensity' of the respective frequencies present in ythe complex wave impressed upon the receiver coils 164, 165.

Figs. 35 and a6 illustrate this ,inventan Each of the lumped masses mechanical impedances that are unequal whereby etlicient transmission may be produced, since maximum transmission eicienoy is attained when one mechanical impedance works into an equal mechanical impedance. In Fig. 37 la mechanical line is disclosedhaving spring strips 180, 181 couplied by a plurality ofjtapered masses 182. The amount the mechanical line is tapered will, ofcourse, depend -upon the ratio of impedances to be"co'i1pled thereby, the smaller end of thei 'mechanical line being coupled to the smaller impedance, and the larger end being coupled to the larger end 'of the impedance. The tapered line is shown pivotallyysupport'ed at two ends by pivot members 183, 1 84 whereby vibrational energy of the twistin may be freely trans-` mitted by the line. he small end of the mechanical line by memberl 186 is coupled tol a carbon button 185 for varying the pressure on' the carbon material contained thereini The larger end of the line by member 187 is coupled to a diaphragm 188 of a transmitterl so that the disclosed system provides an arrangement .for transferring the mechanical vibrations of the transmitter diaphragm 188 to the carbon button 185 'whereby the mechanical Vibrations maybe eflicientl trans mechanical line of this invention is that .-of a mechanical tapered network for matching lated into electric currents. In t is case pared with 4the motion of the diaphragm thereby giving highA button volume.

In designing such a mechanical network the- `following impedance relation will be found satisfactory,

employed as a mechanical low pass filter for filtering out undesired' frequencies which would otherwise be transmitted, The phonograph lneedle 170 operating in the groove of a sound. record 171 is by a` memberA 172 coupled to the y'endl section 173 of a mechanical iltercomprising a` plurality of lumped masses 173 and a spring rod 174. The spring rod 174 is suitably supported for free twisting motion at the points 175, 176. The twistingmotion of the spring rod 174 produced by the sound record 171 is transmitted to the diaphragm 177 of Aa loud speaking receiver by a couplin member 178 connected tothe end section o? the filter remote from the phonographl needleg170. By equations given above the mechanical vfilter comprising a spring rod 17 4 and the lumped masses`17 3 may be given any desired cut-off` frequency such as 3,000 cycles, f'or example. Below-thecutotf frequency the mechanical filter will transmit with practically uniform transmission a wideband of frequencies.

Still another use can be made of the constants where Z0 is the mechanical impedance of the diaphragm and the attachments thereto, Zl the impedance of the first section of the mechanical line, Z2 the impedance of the second section, Zn-I the impedance of the last section, and Zn' the impedance of the carbon button. This `arrangement will there# fore function as a mechanical transformer .motion of the button is made large comlois for coupling ofthe two unequal impedances. i

As an example of the values a two rod mechanical line such as that'shown in Fig. 7 may have, the following -is' given ymerely for lillustrative purposes. One such mechanical Iline consisted of thirty-six cross bars .of

brass, each measuring 11( in. yx 1 in.' x 135 in.,

thea brass having a' density of 8.5. The moment of inertia of these cross bars is '.88

g. cm.2 Thesefcross bars were connected lby two steel rods, each having a diameter 'of .009 in., and the cross bars were spaced 1/8 in. apart. The moment of torsion of thesev lrods was 320 x 10 cm. dynes per radian; Such a mechanical line had a cut-off 'fre- Cil vimpedance ot thel line 210.

quency of about 6000 cycles and hada sub- Stantially constant transmissioncharacteristic for frequencies from 300 cycles up to the region ot the eut-oft' frequency.

For the'niechauical line of Fig. 5 using brass weights and steel connecting strips with a cut-oft' frequency of about (S000 cycles, each strip of steel was .1 by .004" and the moment of inert-ia about the axis of the line was .9 gm. cm. per section. 'lhe distance between plates was .125 in.

Referring to Fig. 39V a stage 201 with orchestra pit 202 and seats 203 for the audience areshown. The transmitter 204 is of the type shown in the U. S. patent to lVente No. 1,333,744, March 10, 1920, or in George R. Lum application Serial No. 570,970, filed June 20. 1022 and issued on May 22, 1928 as lat. No. 1,070,777. rlhe transmitter 204 is located at some distance from the orchestra 202 and stage. 201 (in the case of recording music from the orchestra or sounds from artists onthe stage) and is illustrated as being suspended by a cord 205 or the like from the ceiling or super-structure 206 of the theatre. In the case of the Capitol Theater, New York city, the transmitter is located 40 eet in front of the stage and 40 feet in the air and in this position it receives substantially the same sound wave effect as is received by the iwerage member of the audience. Furthermore Vit does not interfere with the public performance by the orchestra 202, or by the artist or artists on the stage 201. Furthermore the transmitter is out of the path of the beam of light projected on the screen 207 from the moving picture machine (not shown). Local to the transmitter 204 is employed an amplifying' set 208 of audion type vacuum tubes. If desired an additional transi'nitter on the stage may be used. Local to the amplifier 208 is a volume indicator such as voltnieter 260 which may be read in adjusting amplifier (by ,well known means not shown) to give a desired vaille of voltage. impressed on line 210.

The recording room 209 which may be at some distance from the theatre is in electrical connuunicat'ion with the transmitter 204 and the amplitier 20S over the conductors 210. These conductors 210 may be connected to an attenuation equalizer'211. whiclrmay be of the form shown and described in Hoyt Patent No. '1,453.980, May 1, 1923. This attenuation equalizer compensates jlor the distortion ot the electric currents due to the The vequalizer 21,1 is connected to an amplifier 213 which is similar to 208 and which is provided wit-l1 means .such as potentiometer 212 for regulating the intensity of the amplified currents. The current from amplifier 213 is supplied to the electrical recorder 214.

A loud speaker 215, located adjacent the recording machine, is supplied with current from the amplifier 213. This loud speaker' is v adapted to be in operat-ion while the master record is being cut, thus making it possible to monitor the record during its production.

lf, by listening to the loud speaker 215 it is perceived that the distortion is so great due, for instance, to noises in the amplifier or in the telephone line, that a satisfactory record cannot be made, the recording may be stepped, thereby saving the trouble and expense of finishing the record. lVithout the monitoring system, the fact that a record is unsatisfactory cannot be ascertained until the master record is made, plated, and reproduced.

lf it is ascertained that the incoming elcctric vcurrents have an intensity which is either too Agreat or too small, as shown byy voltmeter 216 connected across amplifier 213, the potentiometer is manipulated accordingly, while the record is being made. Cutting through from one groove to the next or making the recorded feeble portions So -weak that they are lost in surface noise can, therefore, be avoided. y

In the case o1' acoustical recording from a full symphony orchestra, the orchestra must play so that the :fort-issin'io is snppressed and the pianissimo amplified in o1'- der to drive the stylus within proper bounds. With the present system, such an orchestra may pla'y with natural force and effect, the current from amplilier 2,13 being kept within proper limits by manipulating poten tmmeter 212 as suggested by monitoring with loud speaker 215 and voltmeter 216.

Referring to Figs. 4() to 43, the stylus 217 of the recorder is shown in operative relation to a master record 218. The record 218 is supported by a turn table'219 which is driven from motor 221 by suitable means such as a belt or train oit gears 220. rl'he recorder shown in Figs. 40 to 43 is provided with a metal casing 222 a section of which is shown in Fig. l12-and which is clamped by means such as bolts 223 to a cradle 224 which is pivoted at- 225 to the cross head 226. This cross head is supported and guided by rods 227 and is suitably driven along these rods by the motor 221 and the train of gears con` neet-ed thereto. rlhe c 'adle 224 carries a rod 228 which supports a counter balance 4229 which may be adjusted to provide a proper pressure o1 the stylus on record.

The stylus 217 is held in a stylus holder 230 which is suitably fastened to the armature 231 of the recorder. This armature is fastened by screw bolts 232 tothe :trame work 233 which carries a pluralityv of spaced plates such as 234 which are interconnected by four spring strips 235. Each of the plates 234 is, therefore, elasticallyconnected by means of the spring strips 235 to the adja cent plates 234. The operation of the stylus causes a rotational movementof the plates 234A which is resisted in part by the spring strips 235 and in 'part by the tin foil sheets 236 which are loosely paclredto provide-films of air therebetween and which lie between the edges of the plates 234i and the casing 222.

Suit-ably fastened to the casing 222, for instance, by screw bolts 237 is the plate 238 which has fastened toene side thereof by screw bolts 239, the supportingI arm 240 which carries the advance ball device. This comprises an arm 241 pivoted to arm 240 at the screw 242. rlhe arm 241 is held under tension by spring 243 fastened at oneV end to the arm 241 at the other end to the arm 240.

" The thumb screw 244e supported by arm 240 and operating on arm 241 through the bolt' 245 is manipulated to adjust the advance ball 246 so that a desired dept-li of-cut shall be and 256 thereof to the brass plate 238. The

-' U shaped vpolar extensions 255 and 256 embrace the coils 252 and terminate closely adjacent the armature 231. Each of the four projecting ends from the pole pieces 255 and 256 is fastened by a rivet or .screw bolt 257 `to the plate 238. The pole pieces 253 and 254 are provided with a magnetic coil 258 which may be supplied with polarizing current from a battery 259 as shown i-n Fig 43.

The curves in Fig. 38 illustrate the relation between the frequency and the maximum stylus velocity for different phonograph systems. The frequency and maximum velocity are plotted lon logarithmic scales. -Curve 190 shows the operation of the phonograph recorder in Fig. 18 or in Figs. 39 to-43. Curve 191 is characteristic of recorders inl common useand shows the operation of the recorder in Egerton Patent No. 1,365,898,January 18,1921. Curve 192 applies to a highly damped recorder. i

The data vfor these curves wastaken impressing on the recorder, currents-of various frequencies and constant amplitude.

.The amplitude of vibration vof the stylus,

'at a particular'` frequency, wasread-by means` of a microsco e. 'Knowingthe amplitude of vibration :an thel frequency, the maximum velocity'for that frequency can be calculated.

-A Int-her idealoase the maximum velocity ofv .thef'sylllsfshold be the same at v.all fre-l.

4tude for those frequencies.

- If the velocity efficiency of reproduction,

quencies, assuming constant current ampliat any Vfrequency is not greater than the square root often times the ettlciencyA at the frequeneyat which reproduction is least eilicient, persons with normal hearing are notaware of the distortion. A larger distortion is permissible without the music becoming disagreeable.

A-It will be seen that for curve 191 the range of frequencies in which the response of thepeak is not more than the square root of ten times the frequencies of least response is a very narrow one and extends from only about 1040 to 1110 cy`clesi. e., a range of about 70 cycles and less than an tctave. y The quality of transmission ofl such a system is very pool; as compared to thatof the present' invention.

The curve -192 for the same response range (the peak being not more than the square root of ten times the frequencies of least response) covers a range of from 550 to 2500 cycles, i. e., a range practically of 2000 cycles, or more than two octaves.

Curve 190, for the same response range, covers a' frequency range of fro about 80 to 8000 cycles, or more than six octaves.

It is to be understood that the slightly wavy character of curve 190 for frequencies above 300 cycles is not a necessary characteristic of the damped resistance of this invention but may be substantially eliminated by .careful design of the masses, elasticities, and resistanc'es of the system.-

- Curve 190 is shown .plottedon a logarithmic scalefor the reason that along the horizontal axis octaves are represented .by-equal distances, for example, the dist-ance between 200 cycles and 400 'cycles is the same asbetween 2500 cycles and 5000 cycles, and thatv is the manner in which the ear hears, by ootaves. i

It is to be noted that the uniform res onse attained with the mechanical line ofthis invent-ion is produced without a,v sacrifice in volume, but has its maximum responsewith'- in the transmission band it is desired to transmit with constant attenuation. This feature therefore sharply distinguishes the mechanical line of this invention from those highly `air damped devices wherein .goed

quality is produced at the expense of sen- .4 sitiveness and wherein uniform response over the speech, frequency range Ais attained vby transferring-the resonant peak of the device from the essential speech frequency range to. a frequency above the essential speech fre with curve 91,"the'velocity at 100 cycles is cies. Comparingfcuijve 190,*

about eight times greater andthe'transmitted 2,

energy tistherefore "fljtimes greater with applicants device than with a'resonantpdiaphragm device characterized by curve 191.

It has been found that the reprodu'cer shown in Figs. 40 to 43 has a response which is substantially constant over a range of from about 80 to 8000 cycles and records produced by the above system using this recorder have given' a remarkably good quality. For instance, a piano solo recorded and reproduced in accordance lwith the present invention gives a sound Wave effect unmistakably that of a piano, Whereas commercial records of a piano solo made by the acoustical method gives a sound Wave effect which leaves the average listener in doubt as to whether the record is of a piano or a. wood Wind.- Records of the human voice according to the present invention, give the characteristic tones of the speaker whereby he may be readily identified,

cords made by other systems.

Whereas this is usually impossible with re- Vith commercial records now on the market, snare drums and low organ notes are not recorded at all, Whereas they are with records according to present invention. It is to be noted that at a frequency of 50 cycles, curve 191 shows a velocity of about 600,1vhereas curve 190 shows a velocity of about 4800,-i. e., 8 times higher. The transmitted energy at 50 cycles is, therefore, 64 times higher With applicant-s levice than with the devices represented by curve 191, which in the region of 50 cycles shows the operation of both the damped and the undamped devices of the prior art. v

In further illustratingthe advantages of applicants phonograph device, itv has been found that orchestral renditions are reproduced better than previously in the following respect. Prior orchestral records transmit a wide band of high and a Wide band of low frequencies so inefliciently that the reproduction has a pinched effect, the instruments having a large amount of either high or low frequencieswhich sound as though they were distantly located with respect to those pieces which are more efficiently reproduced. Further, so many of the harmonics, which characterize an instrument are lost that it is diiicultif-not impossible, With prior records-'to identify the various orchestral instruments. With applicants device, however, the transmission is substantially uniform throughout such a Wide range that the notes from the various orchestral pieces appear in their proper relative intensities, and the characteristic tones of the various instruments are readily recognized.

The fact that applicants phonograph device, by reason of the loadedline attachment, Weighs many times more than prior devices, has the following Acoustic shocks, which would jar the stylus of an ordinary device out of the groove,

l19523 and issued on Mar. 6, 1928 as Pat. No.

1,661,539. While it is preferred that the phonograph device herein'disclosed be usedv in the circuit ofV Fig. 39, it, ofcourse, is adapted to be used in other circuits.

It will be apparent that applicants inveni tion, when employed as a phonograph re# corder, provides records having recorded thereon sounds, the range of frequencies in /Which the response at the peak is not more than 1 0 times the frequencies of leastresponse, extends from about 80 to 8000 cycles i. e. more than six octaves.

In order to take full advantage of the high quality of these records, they should be used in a system such as provided by applicants reproducer in combination With an amplifier and a high quality speaker.

It is apparent from the above description that the mechanica-l line of this invention is of Wide applica-tion and is not limited to the particular uses illustrated in detail in the drawings. For example, the mechanical line of this invention such as that shown in Fig. 5 may be employed as a time delay relay since a. definite time necessarily elapses before an impulse impressed on one end of rod 48 of Fig. 5 reaches the other end. This delay, of course, is capable of I being made equal to any time dela-y desired for any particular service, the time required, of course, being proportional to the length of the line. i"

The invention claimed is: I

1. A mechanical line having precomputed values of elasticity and mass per unit length depending upon the upper limiting frequency of a range of frequencies it is 'desii-ed to transmit by said line, said values being so proportioned that the vibration of said line is substantially independent of the frequency over a Wide band of frequencies los;

below said upper limiting frequency, While said line approximately extinguishes neighboring frequencies lylng above said upper llmitmg frequency.

2. A mechanical link for transmitting vibratory energy having precomputed values of elasticity and mass per section Idepending upon a frequency near one end of a range of frequencies it is desired to transmit by said link, said values being so proportioned that advantage."the vibration of said link is substantially independent off'the frequency over said range, while said link approximately extinguishes fio Tange.

3. A metallic coupling member for a vi- `brating system having prccomputed values of elasticity, resistance and mass per unit length depending upon the upper limiting frequency of a range of frequencies it 1s desired to transmit by,l saidmember, said values being so proportioned that the vibration of said member is attenuated substantially equally for all frequencies within said range, while sai-d member approximately extinguislies neighboring frequencies above said range. f

4. A device for the transmission of mechanical vibratory energy having a length greater than its width and 'thickness and having such elasticity and mass per unit length that said device has a substantially constant transmission characteristic over a Wide range of impressed frequencies.

5. A system for the transmission of mechanical vibratory energy comprising metallic means having a length greater than its combined width and thickness and having` such elasticity and mass per unit length that said device has a substantially constant mechanical impedance over a wide range of frequencies, said means being under a negligible tension except when subjected to mechanical vibrations. i

6. A mechanical vi'bratory device subjected to mechanical vibrations impressed thereon at one en'd, said device having such elasticity, resistance, and mass per unit length that said device has a substantially constant mechanical impedance over a wide frequency range.

7. A device for the transmission 4of mechanical vibratory energy comprising a metallic bar having such mass and elasticity per unit length that said bar has a substantially constant transmission characteristie over a wide frequency range.

8. A mechanical vibratory. device vcomprising a bar having lumped masses distributed along its length at intervals, depending upon the characteristic-impedance desired, said masses having values depending upon the elasticity .of said bar.

9. A device subject to mechanical vibrations and comprising a bar having a mass per unit length depending in value upon the elasticity of sai-d bar.

10. A device subject to speech frequency mechanical vibrations comprising a bar having lumped masses distributed along said bar and having values depending upon the .elasticity thereof, and means vfor causing the speech frequencies to subject-said bar to a twisting vibration.

11. A signaling device comprising a bar having a mass per unit length depending upon the elasticity of said bar, and means for subjecting said bar to a twisting motion in accordance Wlth a Slgnal,

12. A signaling device comprising a bar having a mass per unit length depending upon the elasticity of said bar,'means for subjecting said bar to a twisting motion in accordance with a signal, and means for preventing sai-d bar from bending when subjected to said signal.

13. A'signaling device comprising a bar having a mass per unit length depending upon the elasticity of said bar, means for subjecting said bar to torsion in accordance with a signal, and means for adding stiffness to said bar to prevent a bending thereof.

14. A signaling'system comprising a device subject to mechanical vibrations in accordance with a signal and comprising a plurality of lumped masses in series connected by an elastic rod, said masses and the elasticity of said rod being such that said device responds substantially uniformly over a wide range of speech frequencies.

' l5. A signaling system comprising a bar long compared to its width and thickness, a plurality of short bars distributed along said first bar at regular intervals and rigidly fastened thereto7 and means for twisting saidbar in accordance with a speech frequency signal.

16. A signaling system comprising a bar long compared to its lwidth and thickness, a

plurality of short bars distributed along said first bar at regular intervals and rigidly fastened thereto, means for twisting said first bar in accordance with a speech fi'equency signal, and means'for damping the vvibratory moton of said short bars. y

17. A speech frequency system comprising as one element an electric line and as another element a mechanical vibratory element, means for coupling said elements whereby signaling energy from one of said elements may be translated into signaling energy in the other of said elements, said means comprising a mechanical device having a length greater than its width and thickness and having such elasticity and mass per unit length that said means freely transmits substantially uniformly over a wide freqency range.

18. A speech frequency system comprising as one element, an electric line and as another j element a mechanical vibratory element, means for coupling said elements whereby signaling energy from one of said elements may be translated into signaling energy in vthe other of said elements, said means coinprising a long bar having such a mass and elasticity per unit length that said bar freely transmits with substantially a constant transmission la Wide quencies. j

19. A speechifrequency system comprising as one element an electric line and as another element a mechanical vibratory elenient, means for coupling Said elements range of speech frewhereby signaling energy from one of saidA elements may be translated into signaling energy in the other of said elements, said means comprising a spring strip having distributed along its length, .a plurality of lumped masses, the elasticity' of said strip and the values of said masses boing such that said strip transmits a twisting vibratory en-. ergy with a practically constant attenuation over a wide frequency range.

20. A speech frequency system comprising as one element an electric line and as another element a' mechanical vibratory element, means for coupling said elements whereby signaling energy from one ot' said elements Vmay be translated into signaling energy inthe other of said elements, said means comprising a spring bar having a plurality of lumped 1lnasses distributed along its length, means :tor subjecting said bar to a twisting motion in accordance with a signal, and means for damping the vibratory motion of said bar.

2l.` A speech frequency'system comprising as one element an electric line and as another clement a mechanical vibratory element, means for coupling said elements ,whereby signaling energy from one of said elements may be translated into signaling energy in the other of said elements, said means comprising a spring` strip 'having distributed along its length a plurality of lumped masses, means for subjecting said strip to a twisting motion in accordance with a signal, and means for stiii'ening said .strip against force tending to bend said strip at right angles to its length.

22. A system comprising as one element, an electric line and as another element a mechanical vibratory element, means for coupling said elements to translate signaling energy in one of said elements to ,signaling energy in the other of said elements, said means comprising a bar connected at one end to one ot said elements and connected at a dilfei'ent point to another of said elements, means for causing signaling energy in one of said elements to subject said bar. to a twisting vibratory motion, said'bar having such elasticity and mass per unit length that Asignaling energy is transmitted from one of said elements to the other of said elements without substantial distortion.

23. A mechanical line comprising a spring rod having distributed along its length a -plurality of lumped masses, pivoting means for said rod to allow said rod to be subjected to a twisting motion, and a phonograph needle coupled to the end of said rod and arranged to twist said rod in accordance with a sound record.

24. A mechanical line comprising a bar, -pivoting means for said bar to allow said bar to be subjected to a twisting motion, said vbar having such mass and elasticity per unit nlengt-h that the bar hasa substantially constant vibrator-y response over a' wide fre,- queiicy range, and a phonograph needle arranged to exert a twisting motion upon said bar in accordance with a sound record.

A mechanical line comprising abar having lumper masses distributed along its length, pivoting means for said lbar to allow vsaid bar to be subjected to a twistingmoton a phonograph needle arranged to twist said bar in accordance with the sound record, andmeans for dampingthe twisting motion of said bain 26. A mechanical line comprising a bar vhaving lumped masses distributed along its length, pivoting means for said bar to allow saidbar to be subjected to a twistingmotion, afphonograph needlearranged to twist said bar in accordance with a sound record, and means for translating the twist of said ,bar into electric currents.

27. A mechanical Avibrating system comprising a magnet, a pivoted armature between tlie poles of said magnet, anelectric coil surrounding said armature, a phono.- graph needle holder attached to said armature, a. mechanical vline attachedto said armature comprising a spring bar having a plurality of lumped masses distributed along its length. l

28. A mechanical 'vibrating system comprising a magnet, a pivoted armature between the poles of said magnet, an electric coil surrounding vsaid armature, a phonograph needle holder attached to said armature, a mechanical line attached to said armature and having a length greater than its width or thickness, said line having such' a mass and elasticity per unit length,` that said armature has asubstantially constant response over a wide range of speech frequencies.

29. A mechanical vibrating system comprising a magnet, a pivoted armature between the poles of said magnet, an electric coil surrounding said armature, a phonograph needle holder attached to said armature, a mechanical line attached to said armature and comprising a bar having a plurality'of lumped masses distributed along its length, a casing surrounding said bar and' llll said casing for damping the twisting motion of said bar, said masses and the elasticity of said bar being of such values that said armatui'e has a substantially constant response over a wide frequency range. A

30. A mechanical line comprising a bar having a large number of masses distributed along its length, a source of signals, and means l'or twisting said bar in accordance with signals from said source.

3l. ln combination a source ot' speech frequency signals, and means for translating signals from said source into mechanical vi- Vand mass per 4an electric wave am plitier, a device for translating the amplilied .electric waves into me; chanlcal vibrations, and means for making the ratio of maximum velocity efficiency of said deviceto mininmm velocity efficiency not greater than the square root of ten over a frequency range of at yleast: three voctaves, said means comprising a mechanical line attached to said translating device and having such precomputed values of mass and elasticityv as to have a substantially constant impedance throughout said range. l

33.1A phonograph device comprising a stylus, and means comprising a mechanical line of` precomputed Values of mass,`elas ticity and. resistance for moving said stylus whereby the range yof frequencies in which theres onse thereof at the peak is not more than tie squarelroot of ten times the frequencies of least response extends over at least three octavos.

34. IA phonograph device according to claim 33 having suchfwpight. as to prevent acoustic shocks from jarring said stylus out of a record groove.'

35. A phonograph comprising a supporting structure, a. stylus and a mechanical line of series and shunt mass and elastic elements having one end attached to the stylus for ldamping the motion ofsaid stylus, said'line being pivoted to said supporting structure at a point along its length, the portion of said line overhanging said pivot point in one direction serving as a counter oise for the portion ol said line including t e stylus overhanging in the other direction.

36. A phonograph device comprising a stylus and a mechanical line having one end attached thereto, said line comprislno' a plurality ot mass elements and elastic lements connecting adjacent mass elelnents. y

37. A phonograph deviceV according to claim 36 in which the values of said mass and elasticity elements are so proportioned that said device responds substantially uniformly to all audible frequencies between 150 and 4000 cycles per second.

38. A phonograph machine comprising a` phonograph device, a loaded mechanical line attached thereto to receivevibrations therefrom, and means for supporting said device -and line.

39. A phonograph drive, all sections therevsaid elements in accordance with sound waves.

' 4l. In a. device for the transmission of mcchanical vibratoryenergy, a member comprising mass elfectively in series and elasticity effectively in shunt to thc line ot'V propagation of vibratory energy, t-he values of said mass and elasticity being such that said member transmits substantially uniformly a wide range of' frequcncles below a delinite 'limiting frequency equal to iN/ 'lr M where M and Svrepresent the values ofi-the mass and the elasticity, respectively'.

In a device according to claim 4l, an-

other member coupled to said lirst memben to receive Vibrations therefrom and having an impedance substantially equal to o ver a'wide range of frequencies below said llmiting frequency.

43. In a device according to claim 41, a plurality of similar members coupled tov said lirst member to receive vibrations therefrom. i

44. A device for translating electric wave energy into energy of mechanical motion comprising mass and elastic elements connected partly in shunt and partly in series relation, 'said elements being so proportioned with respect to one another that said device has a substantially uniform impedance over a wide range of frequencies.

45. A device for interconnecting electrical Wave and mechanical motion systems comprising vmass and elastic elements connected partly in shunt and partly in series relation to present a substantially constant impedance to mechanical Wave motion over a wide range -of frequencies belowl a deiinite critical frequency.

46. In combination, a magnetic structure, a pivot, a balanced armature rotatably mounted thereon, a mass member mounted on said pivot and attached to said armature, and elastic members controlling said mass member, the elasticity and mass of the elements being so proportioned that they act to transmit With practically uniform small.

attenuation mechanical waves throughout a wide range of frequencies below a definite critical frequency.

47. In a mechanical vibratory system,

means for damping the motion of said system to produce a response substantially in- 

